SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Copernicus Programme</title>

</head>

Copernicus Programme

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Copernicus programme</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Program overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data location"> <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Organization</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Purpose</th><td class="infobox-data">Earth monitoring</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Ongoing</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Programme history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">2014 - Present</td></tr></tbody></table>

Copernicus is the <a href="Earth_observation" title="Earth observation">Earth observation</a> component of the <a href="European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union Space Programme</a>, managed by the <a href="European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> and implemented in partnership with the <a href="Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">EU member states</a>, the <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA), the <a href="European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites</a> (EUMETSAT), the <a href="European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts" title="European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts">European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts</a> (ECMWF), the <a href="Joint_Research_Centre" title="Joint Research Centre">Joint Research Centre</a> (JRC), the <a href="European_Environment_Agency" title="European Environment Agency">European Environment Agency</a> (EEA), the <a href="European_Maritime_Safety_Agency" title="European Maritime Safety Agency">European Maritime Safety Agency</a> (EMSA), <a href="Frontex" title="Frontex">Frontex</a>, <a href="European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">SatCen</a> and Mercator Océan.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

The programme aims at achieving a global, continuous, autonomous, high quality, wide range Earth observation capacity, providing accurate, timely and easily accessible information to, among other things, improve the management of the environment, understand and <a href="Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate the effects of climate change</a>, and ensure civil security.

Since 2021, Copernicus is a component of the <a href="European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">EU Space Programme</a>, which aims to bolster the EU Space policy in the fields of Earth Observation, Satellite Navigation, Connectivity, Space Research and Innovation and supports investments in critical infrastructure and disruptive technologies.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Program_definition">Program definition</h2></div>

The objective for Copernicus is to use vast amount of global data from satellites and from ground-based, airborne and seaborne measurement systems to produce timely and quality information, services and knowledge, and to provide autonomous and independent access to information in the domains of environment and security on a global level in order to help service providers, public authorities and other international organizations improve the quality of life for the citizens of Europe. In other words, it pulls together all the information obtained by the Copernicus environmental <a href="Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>, air and ground stations and sensors to provide a comprehensive picture of the "health" of <a href="Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CopernicusWhat-2">[2]</a>

One of the benefits of the Copernicus programme is that the data and information produced in the framework of Copernicus are made available free-of-charge <a href="#cite_note-CopernicusRegulation-3">[3]</a> to all its users and the public, thus allowing downstream services to be developed.

The services offered by Copernicus cover six main interacting themes: atmosphere, marine, land, climate, emergency and security.<a href="#cite_note-CopernicusBrief-4">[4]</a>

Copernicus builds upon three components:

<ul><li>The space component (observation satellites and associated <a href="Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">ground segment</a> with missions observing land, atmospheric and oceanographic parameters). This comprises two types of satellite missions, ESA's six families of dedicated <a href="Sentinel_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel (satellite)">Sentinel (space missions)</a> and missions from other space agencies, called Contributing Missions;<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li>

<li>In-situ measurements (ground-based and airborne data-gathering networks providing information on oceans, continental surface and atmosphere);</li>

<li>Services developed and managed by Copernicus and offered to its users and public in general.</li></ul>

It was named after the scientist and observer <a href="Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>(1473 –1543).  Copernicus' theory of the heliocentric universe made a pioneering contribution to modern science.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

Its costs during 1998 to 2020 are estimated at €6.7 billion with around €4.3 billion spent in the period 2014 to 2020 and shared between the EU (67%) and ESA (33%) with benefits of the data to the EU economy estimated at €30 billion through 2030.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> ESA as a main partner has performed much of the design and oversees and co-funds the development of <a href="Sentinel_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel (satellite)">Sentinel missions</a> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 with each Sentinel mission consisting of at least 2 satellites and some, such as Sentinel 1, 2 and 3, consisting of 4 satellites.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> They will also provide the instruments for <a href="Meteosat_Third_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Third Generation">Meteosat Third Generation</a> and <a href="MetOp-SG" title="MetOp-SG">MetOp-SG</a> weather satellites of <a href="EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a> where ESA and EUMETSAT will also coordinate the delivery of data from upwards of 30 satellites that form the contributing satellite missions to Copernicus.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

The Copernicus programme was established by the Regulation (EU) No 377/2014 <a href="#cite_note-CopernicusRegulation-3">[3]</a> in 2014, building on the previous EU's Earth monitoring initiative GMES (established by Regulation (EU) No 911/2010 <a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>).

Over a few decades, European and national institutions have made substantial R&D efforts in the field of Earth observation. These efforts have resulted in tremendous achievements but the services and products developed during this period had limitations that were inherent to R&D activities (e.g. lack of service continuity on the long-term). The idea for a global and continuous European Earth observation system was developed under the name of Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) which was later re-branded into Copernicus after the EU became directly involved in financing and development. It follows and greatly expands on the work of the previous €2.3 billion European <a href="Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> programme which operated from 2002 to 2012.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

Copernicus moved from R&D to operational services following a phased approach. Pre-operational services (Fast Track Services and Pilot Services) were phased in between 2008 and 2010. Copernicus initial operations began in 2011. Copernicus became fully operational in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronology">Chronology</h3></div>

<ul><li>19 May 1998: institutions involved in the development of space activities in Europe give birth to GMES through a declaration known as "The Baveno Manifesto". At that time, GMES stands for "Global Monitoring for Environmental Security".</li>

<li>Year 1999: the name is changed to "Global Monitoring for Environment and Security" (GMES), thus illustrating that the management of the environment also has security implications.</li>

<li>2001: at the occasion of the Gothenburg Summit, the Heads of State and Government request that "the Community contribute to establishing by 2008 a European capacity for Global Monitoring for Environment and Security".</li>

<li>October 2002: the nature and scope of the "Security" component of GMES are defined as addressing prevention of and response to crises related to natural and technological risk, humanitarian aid and international cooperation, monitoring of compliance with international treaties for conflict prevention, humanitarian and rescue tasks, peacekeeping tasks and surveillance of EU borders.</li>

<li>February 2004: the Commission Communication "GMES: Establishing a GMES capacity by 2008" introduces an Action Plan aimed at establishing a working GMES capacity by 2008. In 2004, a Framework Agreement is also signed between EC and ESA, thus providing the basis for a space component of GMES.</li>

<li>May 2005: the Commission Communication "GMES: From Concept to Reality" establishes priorities for the roll-out of GMES services in 2008, the initial focus being on land monitoring, marine monitoring and emergency response services, also known as Fast Track Services (FTS). Later services, also known as Pilot Services, are expected to address atmosphere monitoring, security and climate change.</li>

<li>June 2006: the EC establishes the GMES Bureau, with the primary objective of ensuring the delivery of the priority services by 2008. Other objectives of the GMES Bureau are to address the issues of the GMES governance structure and the long-term financial sustainability of the system.</li>

<li>May 2007: adoption of the European Space Policy Communication, recognising GMES as a major flagship of the Space Policy.</li>

<li>September 2008: official launch of the three FTS services and two Pilot services in their pre-operational version at the occasion of the GMES Forum held in <a href="Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, <a href="France" title="France">France</a>.</li>

<li>November 2008: the Commission Communication "GMES: We care for a Safer Planet" establishes a basis for further discussions on the financing, operational infrastructure and effective management of GMES.</li>

<li>May 2009: the Commission Proposal for a Regulation on "the European Earth Observation Programme (GMES) and its initial operations (2011-2013)" proposes a legal basis for the GMES programme and EC funding of its initial operations.</li>

<li>November 2010: the regulation on "the European Earth Observation Programme (GMES) and its initial operations (2011-2013)" entered into force.</li>

<li>June 2011: the Commission presents its proposal for the next multiannual financial framework (MFF) corresponding to the period 2014-2020 (Communication "A Budget for Europe 2020"). In this document, the Commission proposes to foresee the funding of the GMES programme outside the multiannual financial framework after 2014.</li>

<li>November 2011: The Commission Communication on the "European Earth monitoring programme (GMES) and its operations (from 2014 onwards)" presents the commission's proposals for the future funding, governance and operations of the GMES programme for the period 2014–2020. In particular, the Commission proposes to opt for the creation of a specific GMES fund, similar to the model chosen for the European Development Fund, with financial contributions from all Member States, based on their gross national income (GNI).</li>

<li>April 2012: The Emergency Management Service – Mapping ("EMS-Mapping") is declared the first fully operational service within the GMES Initial Operations.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></li>

<li>December 2012: the Commission announces the name change to Copernicus.</li>

<li>October 2014: ESA and European Commission have established a budget for Copernicus Programme covering years 2014-2020 within <a href="Multiannual_Financial_Framework" title="Multiannual Financial Framework">Multiannual Financial Framework</a>. Budget provided a total of €4.3 billion, including €3.15 billion for ESA to cover operations of the satellite network and construction of the remaining satellites.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></li>

<li>November 2020: launch of Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich to enable the provision of high-precision and timely observations of the topography of the global ocean</li>

<li>January 2021: the regulation (EU) 2021/696 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 April 2021 establishing the Union Space Programme entered into force establishing a budget of €5,421 billion under the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) corresponding to the period 2021-2027.</li>

<li>January 2023: Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem, the new data access, processing and visualization gateway of the Copernicus Programme is launched. Compared to the earlier Copernicus Open Science Hub, this portal now provides new API-s for data access and download (OData, STAC, openEO, Sentinel Hub), a web browser-based visualization and analysis interface (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://browser.dataspace.copernicus.eu">Copernicus Browser</a>), on-board coding interfaces (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/analyse/jupyterlab">JupyterLab</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/analyse/openeo">openEO</a>) and on-board cloud processing capacity.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earth_Observation_missions">Earth Observation missions</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sentinel_missions">Sentinel missions</h3></div>

ESA is currently developing seven missions under the Sentinel programme (Sentinel 1, 2, 3, 4, 5P, 5, 6). The Sentinel missions include radar and super-spectral imaging for land, ocean and atmospheric monitoring. Each Sentinel mission is based on a constellation of two satellites to fulfill and revisit the coverage requirements for each mission, providing robust datasets for all Copernicus services.

The Sentinel missions have the following objectives:

<ul><li><a href="Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> provides all-weather, day and night radar imaging for land and ocean services.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Both satellites launched aboard <a href="Soyuz_at_the_Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre">Soyuz</a> rockets from <a href="Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Centre Spatial Guyanais</a>.

<ul><li><a href="Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">Sentinel-1A</a> satellite was successfully launched on 3 April 2014.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">Sentinel-1B</a> satellite was successfully launched on 25 April 2016.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Mission declared as ended 3 August 2022.</li>

<li>Sentinel-1C satellite was launched on 5 December 2024.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> provides high-resolution optical imaging for land services (e.g. imagery of vegetation, soil and water cover, inland waterways and coastal areas).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Sentinel-2 will also provide information for emergency services. All satellites launched aboard <a href="Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> rockets from <a href="Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Centre Spatial Guyanais</a>.

<ul><li><a href="Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">Sentinel-2A</a>, successfully launched on 23 June 2015.<a href="#cite_note-prelaunch-2A-22">[22]</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">Sentinel-2B</a> launched on 7 March 2017.</li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-2C" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-2C">Sentinel-2C</a> launched on 5 September 2024 (UTC).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a> provides ocean and global land monitoring services.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Both satellites were launched by a <a href="Eurockot_Launch_Services" title="Eurockot Launch Services">Eurockot</a> <a href="Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a> vehicle from the <a href="Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a> in <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">Sentinel-3A</a> satellite was launched on 16 February 2016.</li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">Sentinel-3B</a> satellite followed on 25 April 2018.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a>, Europe’s first hyperspectral sounding mission in <a href="Geostationary_Earth_Orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationary Earth Orbit">GEO</a>, will provide data for atmospheric composition monitoring as a payload upon <a href="Meteosat" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Third Generation</a> satellites.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Copernicus-30">[30]</a> The first of the two planned instruments (Sentinel-4A) was launched in July 2025 aboard MTG-S1.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a>, launched 13 October 2017 by a Eurockot Rokot vehicle from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The primary purpose of this mission is to reduce the data gap (especially <a href="SCIAMACHY" title="SCIAMACHY">SCIAMACHY</a> atmospheric observations) between the loss of <a href="Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> in 2012, and the launch of Sentinel-5 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-ESAsentinels-33">[33]</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-5">Sentinel-5</a> will also provide data for atmospheric composition monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> It will be embarked on a <a href="EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a> <a href="MetOp" title="MetOp">Polar System</a> Second Generation (<a href="MetOp-SG" title="MetOp-SG">EPS-SG</a>) spacecraft and launched in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-Copernicus-30">[30]</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-6">Sentinel-6</a> is intended to provide continuity in high precision <a href="Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">altimetry</a> sea level measurements following the <a href="Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a> satellite.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sentinel-6_Michael_Freilich" title="Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich">Sentinel-6A</a>, was launched in November 2020 by a <a href="SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> <a href="Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> vehicle from <a href="Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4" title="Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4">Vandenberg SLC-4E</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li>

<li>Sentinel-6B, is scheduled for launch in November 2025 by a SpaceX Falcon 9.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li></ul></li></ul>

In preparation for the second-generation of Copernicus (Copernicus 2.0), six High Priority Candidate "expansion" missions are currently being studied by ESA to address EU Policy and gaps in Copernicus user needs, and to increase the current capabilities of the Copernicus Space Component:

<ul><li>Sentinel-7: Anthropogenic CO2 emissions monitoring (CO2M)<a href="#cite_note-thales-sentinels-38">[38]</a></li>

<li>Sentinel-8: High spatio-temporal resolution land surface temperature (LSTM)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li>

<li>Sentinel-9: Copernicus Polar Ice and Snow Topography Altimeter (CRISTAL)<a href="#cite_note-thales-sentinels-38">[38]</a></li>

<li>Sentinel-10: Copernicus Hyperspectral Imaging Mission for the Environment (CHIME)<a href="#cite_note-thales-sentinels-38">[38]</a></li>

<li>Sentinel-11: Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR)<a href="#cite_note-thales-sentinels-38">[38]</a></li>

<li>Sentinel-12: Radar Observing System for Europe – <a href="L_band" title="L band">L-band</a> SAR (ROSE-L), scheduled for launch no earlier than 2028<a href="#cite_note-thales-sentinels-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributing_missions">Contributing missions</h3></div>

Before the Sentinel missions provide data to Copernicus, numerous existing or planned space missions provide or will provide data useful to the provision of Copernicus services. These missions are often referred to as "Copernicus Contributing Missions (CCMs)":

<ul><li><a href="European_Remote-Sensing_Satellite" title="European Remote-Sensing Satellite">ERS</a>: the European Remote Sensing Satellite ERS-1 (1991–2000) was ESA's first Earth observation satellite. ERS-2 (1995–2011) provided data related to ocean surface temperature, winds at sea and atmospheric ozone.</li>

<li><a href="Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> (2002–2012): launched in 2002, ESA's Envisat was the largest civilian Earth Observation spacecraft ever built. It carried sophisticated optical and radar instruments among which the Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) and the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS). Envisat provided continuous observation and monitoring of the Earth's land, atmosphere, oceans and ice caps. After losing contact with the satellite on 8 April 2012, ESA formally announced the end of Envisat's mission on 9 May 2012.<a href="#cite_note-missionend-41">[41]</a></li>

<li><a href="Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Earth Explorers</a>: ESA's Earth Explorers are smaller research missions dedicated to specific aspects of Earth environment. Earth Explorer missions focus on research of the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere and the Earth's interior with the overall emphasis on learning more about the interactions between these components and the impact that human activity is having on natural Earth processes. The following two of the nine missions selected for implementation currently (as of 2020) contribute to Copernicus:

<ul><li><a href="Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a> (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity), launched on 2 November 2009.</li>

<li><a href="CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat-2</a> (the measurement of the thickness of floating ice), launched on 8 April 2010.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Meteosat" title="Meteosat">MSG</a>: the Meteosat Second Generation is a joint project between ESA and EUMETSAT.</li>

<li><a href="MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a>: MetOp is Europe's first polar-orbiting satellite dedicated to operational meteorology. MetOp is a series of three satellites launched sequentially over 12 years from October 2006 to November 2018. The series provides data for both operational meteorology and climate studies until at least 2027.</li>

<li>French <a href="SPOT_(satellite)" title="SPOT (satellite)">SPOT</a>: SPOT (Satellite Pour l'Observation de la Terre) consists of a series of earth observation satellites providing high-resolution images of the Earth. SPOT-4 and SPOT-5 include sensors called VEGETATION able to monitor continental ecosystems.</li>

<li>German <a href="TerraSAR-X" title="TerraSAR-X">TerraSAR-X</a>: TerraSAR-X is an Earth observation satellite providing high quality topographic information. TerraSAR-X data has a wide range of applications (e.g. land use / land cover mapping, topographic mapping, forest monitoring, emergency response monitoring, and <a href="Environmental_monitoring" title="Environmental monitoring">environmental monitoring</a>).</li>

<li>Italian <a href="COSMO-SkyMed" title="COSMO-SkyMed">COSMO-SkyMed</a>: the COnstellation of small Satellites for the Mediterranean basin Observation is an Earth observation satellite system that consists of (in the 1st generation) four satellites equipped with <a href="Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">Synthetic-aperture radar</a> (SAR) sensors. Applications include seismic hazard analysis, environmental disaster monitoring and agricultural mapping. As of 2020, a second-generation of COSMO-SkyMed satellites (called Cosmo-Skymed 2nd generation) is under development.</li>

<li>UK and international <a href="Disaster_Monitoring_Constellation" title="Disaster Monitoring Constellation">DMC</a>: the Disaster Monitoring Constellation (DMC) is a constellation of remote-sensing satellites. There have been eight satellites in the DMC-program; 3 are currently (as of 2020) active. The constellation provides emergency Earth imaging for disaster relief under the International Charter for Space and Major Disasters.</li>

<li>French-American <a href="OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a> (2008-2019): the OSTM/JASON-2 satellite provided precise measurements of ocean surface topography, surface wind speed, and wave height; as this type of measurement is a crucial requirement for the Copernicus Marine Services, the European Commission has included this type of mission in its latest communication on the future Copernicus Space Component as Sentinel-6.</li>

<li>French <a href="Pl%C3%A9iades_(satellite)" title="Pléiades (satellite)">Pléiades</a>: the Pléiades constellation consists of two satellites providing very high-resolution images of the Earth.</li>

<li><a href="Planet_Labs" title="Planet Labs">Planet Labs</a>, a commercial satellite imagery provider whose goal is to image the entirety of the planet daily to monitor changes and pinpoint trends.</li>

<li><a href="OroraTech" title="OroraTech">OroraTech</a>, a Germany-based commercial earth observation provider focussed on wildfire situational awareness, is delivering its FOREST-2 thermal-infrared data (MWIR, 2x LWIR).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li>

<li>Prométhée Earth Intelligence, a French Earth Observation satellite operator that will provide hyperspectral and multispectral images with its planned Japetus constellation of 20 satellites.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></li></ul>

Data provided by non-European satellite missions (e.g. <a href="Landsat_program" title="Landsat program">Landsat</a>, <a href="Greenhouse_Gases_Observing_Satellite" title="Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite">GOSAT</a>, <a href="Radarsat-2" title="Radarsat-2">Radarsat-2</a>) can also be used by Copernicus.

<ul><li><a href="DigitalGlobe" title="DigitalGlobe">DigitalGlobe</a>, an American commercial vendor of space imagery and geospatial content, provides imagery from satellites with a true maximum resolution of up to 25 cm. The DigitalGlobe tasking constellation currently includes <a href="GeoEye-1" title="GeoEye-1">GeoEye-1</a>, <a href="WorldView-1" title="WorldView-1">WorldView-1</a>, <a href="WorldView-2" title="WorldView-2">WorldView-2</a> and <a href="WorldView-3" title="WorldView-3">WorldView-3</a>. Archive data is also available from <a href="Ikonos" title="Ikonos">Ikonos</a> and <a href="QuickBird" title="QuickBird">QuickBird</a>.</li>

<li><a href="LANDSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="LANDSAT">LANDSAT</a> program (8 satellites, 3 active).</li>

<li><a href="GOSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSAT">GOSAT</a> program (2 satellites, 2 active).</li>

<li><a href="RADARSAT_Constellation" title="RADARSAT Constellation">Radarsat-2</a> satellite.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In-Situ_Coordination">In-Situ Coordination</h2></div>

GMES In-Situ Coordination (GISC) was a FP7 funded initiative, lasted for three years (January 2010 – December 2012) and was coordinated by the <a href="European_Environment_Agency" title="European Environment Agency">European Environment Agency</a> (EEA). Since 2014 EEA has been responsible for Copernicus In-Situ coordination under the Contribution Agreement between the EU (represented by the European Commission) and the EEA, signed 1 December 2014.

<a href="In_situ" title="In situ">In situ</a> data are all data from sources other than Earth observation satellites. Consequently, all ground-based, air-borne, and ship/buoy-based observations and measurements that are needed to implement and operate the Copernicus services are part of the in-situ component. In-situ data are indispensable; they are assimilated into forecasting models, provide calibration and validation of space-based information, and contribute to analysis or filling gaps not available from space sources.

GISC was undertaken with reference to other initiatives, such as <a href="List_of_European_Union_directives#Information_technology" title="List of European Union directives">INSPIRE</a> (Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community) and SEIS (Shared Environmental Information System) as well as existing coordination and data exchange networks. The coordinated access to data retains the capacity to link directly data providers and the service providers because it is based on the principles of SEIS and INSPIRE. The implementation of INSPIRE is embedded in the synergies and meta-data standards that were used in GISC. Data and information aims to be managed as close as possible to its source in order to achieve a distributed system, by involving countries and existing capacities that maintain and operate the required observation infrastructure.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services_component">Services component</h2></div>

Copernicus services are dedicated to the monitoring and forecasting of the Earth's subsystems. They contribute directly to the monitoring of climate change. Copernicus services also address emergency management (e.g. in case of natural disaster, technological accidents or humanitarian crises) and security-related issues (e.g. maritime surveillance, border control).

Copernicus services address six main thematic areas:

<ul><li>Emergency Management Service (see video available on the Copernicus.eu website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copernicus.eu/main/emergency-management">Copernicus Emergency Management Service</a>). The service was declared operational on 1 April 2012.</li>

<li>Land Monitoring (see video available on the Copernicus.eu website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copernicus.eu/main/land-monitoring">Copernicus Land Monitoring Service</a>). The service was declared operational on 1 April 2012.</li>

<li>Marine Environment Monitoring (see video available on the Copernicus.eu website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copernicus.eu/main/marine-monitoring">Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service</a>). The service was declared operational on 1 May 2015.</li>

<li><a href="Copernicus_Atmosphere_Monitoring_Service" title="Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service">Atmosphere Monitoring</a> (see video available on the Copernicus.eu website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copernicus.eu/main/atmosphere-monitoring">Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service</a>). The service was declared operational in July 2015.</li>

<li>Security (See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copernicus.eu/main/security">Copernicus Service for Security Applications</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Copernicus_Climate_Change_Service" title="Copernicus Climate Change Service">Climate Change</a> (see video available on the Copernicus.eu website: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copernicus.eu/main/climate-change">Copernicus Climate Change Monitoring Service</a>)</li></ul>

The development of the pre-operational version of the services has been realised by a series of projects launched by the European Commission and partly funded through the EU's 7th Framework Programme (FP7). These projects were geoland2 (land), <a href="MyOcean" title="MyOcean">MyOcean</a> (marine), SAFER (emergency response), MACC and its successor MACC II (atmosphere) and <a href="G-MOSAIC" class="mw-redirect" title="G-MOSAIC">G-MOSAIC</a> (security). Most of these projects also contributed to the monitoring of Climate Change.

<ul><li>geoland2 started on 1 September 2008. The project covered a wide range of domains such as land use, <a href="Land_cover" title="Land cover">land cover</a> change, <a href="Soil_sealing" title="Soil sealing">soil sealing</a>, <a href="Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> and availability, spatial planning, <a href="Forest_management" title="Forest management">forest management</a>, <a href="Carbon_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon storage">carbon storage</a> and global <a href="Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a>.</li>

<li>MyOcean started on 1 January 2009. It covered themes such as maritime security, oil spill prevention, marine resource management, <a href="Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, seasonal forecast, coastal activities, ice survey and <a href="Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090718231434/http://www.emergencyresponse.eu/">SAFER</a> started on 1 January 2009. The project addressed three main domains: civil protection, humanitarian aid and Security crises management.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091030085742/http://gmes-atmosphere.eu/">MACC</a> started on 1 June 2009. The project continued and refined the products developed in the projects <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429095113/http://gems.ecmwf.int/">GEMS</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20100604181907/http://www.gse-promote.org/">PROMOTE</a>. A second phase (MACC II) lasted until July 2014 allowing the now operational Copernicus atmospheric monitoring service (CAMS, see above).</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826161936/http://www.gmes-gmosaic.eu/">GMOSAIC</a> started on 1 January 2009. Together with the LIMES project <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124033856/http://www.fp6-limes.eu/">Wayback Machine</a> (co-funded by the European Commission under FP6), <a href="GMOSAIC" title="GMOSAIC">GMOSAIC</a> specifically dealt with the Security domain of Copernicus addressing topics such as Support to Intelligence and Early Warning and Support to Crisis Management Operations.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaction">Interaction</h2></div>

"The information provided by the Copernicus services can be used by end-users for a wide range of applications in a variety of areas. These include urban area management, sustainable development and nature protection, regional and local planning, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, health, civil protection, infrastructure, transport and mobility, as well as tourism".<a href="#cite_note-CopernicusBrief-4">[4]</a>

Copernicus is the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s contribution to the <a href="Global_Earth_Observation_System_of_Systems" title="Global Earth Observation System of Systems">Global Earth Observation System of Systems</a> (GEOSS) thus delivering geospatial information globally.

Some Copernicus services make use of <a href="OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a> data in their maps production.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_relevant_initiatives">Other relevant initiatives</h2></div>

Other initiatives will also facilitate the development and functioning of Copernicus services:

<ul><li><a href="List_of_European_Union_directives#Information_technology" title="List of European Union directives">INSPIRE</a>: this initiative aims at building a European spatial data infrastructure beyond national boundaries.</li>

<li>Urban Atlas: Compiled from thousands of satellite photographs, the Urban Atlas provides detailed and cost-effective digital mapping, ensuring that city planners have the most up-to-date and accurate data available on land use and land cover. The Urban Atlas will enable urban planners to better assess risks and opportunities, ranging from the threat of flooding and the impact of climate change, to identifying new infrastructure and public transport needs. All cities in the EU will be covered by the Urban Atlas by 2011.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/seis/">SEIS</a>: The Shared Environmental Information System (SEIS) is a collaborative initiative of the European Commission and the European Environment Agency (EEA) to establish together with the Member States an integrated and shared EU-wide environmental information system.</li>

<li>Heterogeneous Missions Accessibility, the <a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> initiative for <a href="Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> of <a href="Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation satellite</a> payload data ground segments.</li></ul>

Copernicus is one of three related initiatives that are the subject of the GIGAS (<a href="GEOSS" class="mw-redirect" title="GEOSS">GEOSS</a>, <a href="List_of_European_Union_directives#Information_technology" title="List of European Union directives">INSPIRE</a> and <a href="GMES" class="mw-redirect" title="GMES">GMES</a> an Action in Support) harmonization and analysis project <a href="#cite_note-Comparative_analysis-45">[45]</a> under the auspices of the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> <a href="7th_Framework_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="7th Framework Programme">7th Framework Programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_country_participation">Third country participation</h2></div>

In addition to the 27 Member States of the European Union, the Copernicus programme allows for the participation at various scope for third country participation. This participation is conducted through agreements with the European Union. One has to distinguish those countries that contribute to the budget and those that agree on exchanging data with the program. Many international partner countries get special access to Sentinel data in exchange for sharing in-situ data from their country. These states are:

2014–2020 budget contributing countries

<ul><li> <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li>  <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>

<li> <a href="Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul>

Data exchange

<ul><li> <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> (from 2015)</li>

<li> <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a></li>

<li> <a href="African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a></li>

<li> <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> (from 2018)</li>

<li> <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> (from 2018)</li>

<li> <a href="Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> (from 2018)</li>

<li> <a href="India" title="India">India</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> (from 2018)</li>

<li> <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> (from 2022)</li>

<li> <a href="Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> (from 2022)</li>

<li> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-47">[47]</a> (from 2023)</li></ul>

Discussions ongoing with:

Argentina, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, China (part of Space Dialogue)

2021–2027 budget contributing countries

<ul><li> <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li> <a href="Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul>

Enlargement

<ul><li> <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: The UK rejoined the programme in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Copernicus_Sentinel_Satellite_Imagery" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Copernicus Sentinel Satellite Imagery">Copernicus Sentinel Satellite Imagery</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Technology_Platform" title="European Space Technology Platform">European Space Technology Platform</a></li>

<li><a href="French_space_program" title="French space program">French space program</a></li>

<li><a href="Mission_Science_Division" title="Mission Science Division">Mission Science Division</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dlr.de/en">German Aerospace Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="German_space_programme" title="German space programme">German space programme</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copernicus.eu/en/about-copernicus">"About Copernicus | Copernicus"</a>. www.copernicus.eu. Retrieved 20 January 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CopernicusWhat-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CopernicusWhat_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181103182626/http://www.copernicus.eu/main/overview">"What is Copernicus?"</a>. Copernicus.eu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copernicus.eu/main/overview">the original</a> on 3 November 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CopernicusRegulation-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CopernicusRegulation_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CopernicusRegulation_3-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/976616e8-cb7c-11e3-b74e-01aa75ed71a1">"Regulation (EU) No 377/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 establishing the Copernicus programme and repealing Regulation (EU) No 911/2010"</a>. European Union. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CopernicusBrief-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CopernicusBrief_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CopernicusBrief_4-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180815041358/http://copernicus.eu/main/copernicus-brief">"Copernicus In Brief"</a>. Copernicus.eu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copernicus.eu/main/copernicus-brief">the original</a> on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Overview3">"ESA, Copernicus, Overview"</a>. ESA. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copernicus.eu/en/about-copernicus">"About Copernicus | Copernicus"</a>. www.copernicus.eu. Retrieved 13 January 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-251_en.htm">"ESA, Earth observation: first Copernicus satellite Sentinel 1A"</a>. European Commission. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/32707-earth-observation-satellite-and-einstein-challenging-physics-experiment-launch-into-space.html">"Earth-Observation Satellite and Einstein-Challenging Physics Experiment Launch Into Space"</a>. Space.com. 26 April 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copernicus.eu/main/satellites">"Earth Observation Satellites"</a>. Copernicus.eu. 3 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/7b511d06-becf-4a8b-b2fa-adc08c1a79d9">"Regulation (EU) No 911/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the European Earth monitoring programme (GMES) and its initial operations (2011 to 2013)"</a>. European Union. 22 September 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earth.esa.int/eogateway/missions/envisat">"European Space Agency Envisat Program"</a>. ESA. Retrieved 30 December 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earsc.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Copernicus-evolution-POSITION-PAPER-FINAL_20191114.pdf">"Industry view of the future of the Copernicus programme: key issues to address"</a> (PDF). European Association of Remote Sensing Companies. November 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430211022/http://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/library/Interim_Evaluation_of_the_GMES_Initial_Operations.pdf">"Interim Evaluation of the European Earth Monitoring Programme (GMES) and its initial Operations (2011-2013) - Final Report"</a> (PDF). Copernicus.eu. January 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/library/Interim_Evaluation_of_the_GMES_Initial_Operations.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 April 2015. Retrieved 11 October 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Copernicus_operations_secured_until_2021">"Copernicus operations secured until 2021"</a>. ESA. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.satellitetoday.com/regional/2014/10/28/esa-european-commission-finalize-copernicus-budget/">"ESA, European Commission Finalize Copernicus Budget"</a>. Satellite Today. 28 October 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFEcosystem2024" class="citation web cs1">Ecosystem, Copernicus Data Space (23 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/">"Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem | Europe's eyes on Earth"</a>. dataspace.copernicus.eu. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/copernicus-sentinel-1">"Copernicus: Sentinel-1"</a>. www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arianespace.com/news-press-release/2014/4-3-2014-VS07-launch-success.asp">"Arianespace boosts Sentinel-1A Earth observation satellite into orbit"</a> (Press release). 3 April 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Sentinel-1B_liftoff_delayed_another_24_hours">"Sentinel-1B liftoff delayed another 24 hours"</a>. <a href="ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. 23 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-1/Double_win_for_Europe_Sentinel-1C_and_Vega-C_take_to_the_skies">"Double win for Europe: Sentinel-1C and Vega-C take to the skies"</a>. www.esa.int. Retrieved 6 December 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/copernicus-sentinel-2">"Copernicus: Sentinel-2"</a>. www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-prelaunch-2A-22"><a href="#cite_ref-prelaunch-2A_22-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceref.com/earth/earth-observation-satellite-sentinel-2a-ready-to-launch/">"Earth Observation Satellite Sentinel-2A Ready to Launch"</a>. European Space Agency. SpaceRef. 9 June 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-2/Sentinel-2C_joins_the_Copernicus_family_in_orbit">"Sentinel-2C joins the Copernicus family in orbit"</a>. www.esa.int. Retrieved 6 September 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/copernicus-sentinel-3">"Copernicus: Sentinel-3"</a>. www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-3_stacks_up">"Sentinel-3 stacks up"</a>. ESA. 24 April 2014. Retrieved 17 August 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinel-3A_on_its_way">"Sentinel-3A on its way"</a>. esa.int.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/copernicus-sentinel-4">"Copernicus: Sentinel-4"</a>. www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://database.eohandbook.com/database/missionsummary.aspx?missionID=639">"Sentinel-4 A Satellite Mission Summary | CEOS Database"</a>. database.eohandbook.com. Retrieved 25 November 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eumetsat.int/our-satellites/meteosat-series?sjid=future">"Meteosat Series – Future Satellites"</a>. <a href="EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a>. 21 November 2022. Retrieved 21 November 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Copernicus-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Copernicus_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Copernicus_30-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnes.fr/web/CNES-en/1518-copernicus.php">"Copernicus"</a>. April 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2025/07/01/live-coverage-eumetsat-esa-to-launch-combo-mtg-s1-sentinel-4-satellite-on-spacex-falcon-9-rocket-from-nasas-kennedy-space-center/">"EUMETSAT, ESA launches combo MTG-S1, Sentinel-4 satellite on SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from NASA's Kennedy Space Center – Spaceflight Now"</a>. Retrieved 3 July 2025.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/copernicus-sentinel-5p">"Copernicus: Sentinel-5P"</a>. www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ESAsentinels-33"><a href="#cite_ref-ESAsentinels_33-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/Sentinels_-4_-5_and_-5P">"ESA Sentinels-4, -5 and -5P"</a>. Retrieved 23 February 2015.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/copernicus-sentinel-5">"Copernicus: Sentinel-5"</a>. www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eoportal.org/satellite-missions/copernicus-sentinel-6-michael-freilich">"Copernicus: Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich"</a>. www.eoportal.org. Retrieved 28 December 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFClark2020" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Stephen (29 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/11/29/photos-falcon-9-launches-and-lands-at-vandenberg-air-force-base/">"Photos: Falcon 9 launches and lands at Vandenberg Air Force Base"</a>. Spaceflight Now.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDodson2022" class="citation web cs1">Dodson, Gerelle (20 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-launch-services-contract-for-sentinel-6b-mission">"NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Sentinel-6B Mission"</a>. NASA. Retrieved 20 December 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-thales-sentinels-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thales-sentinels_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thales-sentinels_38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thales-sentinels_38-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thales-sentinels_38-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thales-sentinels_38-4">e</a> <cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/press-release/thales-alenia-space-proposals-copernicus-project-selected-european">"Thales Alenia Space proposals for the Copernicus project selected by European Space Agency"</a> (Press release). Thales Group. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 5 July 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGerhardsSchlerfMallickUdelhoven2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gerhards, Max; Schlerf, Martin; Mallick, Kaniska; Udelhoven, Thomas (24 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/gview?url=https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/10/1240/pdf">"Challenges and Future Perspectives of Multi-/Hyperspectral Thermal Infrared Remote Sensing for Crop Water-Stress Detection: A Review"</a>. Remote Sensing. 11 (10): 1240. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019RemS...11.1240G">2019RemS...11.1240G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frs11101240">10.3390/rs11101240</a>. Retrieved 5 July 2020.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.romsenter.no/Aktuelt/Siste-nytt/Oppdraget-over-for-radarsatellitten-Sentinel-1B">"Oppdraget over for radarsatellitten Sentinel-1B"</a> [Mission over for the Sentinel-1B radar satellite]. <a href="Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">Norwegian Space Agency</a> (in Norwegian). 12 August 2022. Retrieved 14 September 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-missionend-41"><a href="#cite_ref-missionend_41-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM1SXSWT1H_index_0.html">"ESA declares end of mission for Envisat"</a>. ESA. 9 May 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacewatch.global/2023/06/ororatech-signs-contract-to-deliver-data-to-the-eu/">OroraTech Signs contract to deliver data to the EU</a> SpaceWatch Global. 20 June 2023, retrieved 25 June 2023

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://satelliteobservation.net/2023/08/23/tour-of-french-new-space-2023-promethee/">Tour of French New Space 2023: Promethee</a> SatelliteObservation.net. 23 August 2023, retrieved 10 April 2024

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCopernicus_EMS2016" class="citation web cs1">Copernicus EMS (25 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/CopernicusEMS/status/768787888993607680">"@OpenStreetMapIt @Ale_Zena_IT Indeed, last OSM shapefile used in our maps production is from 11am today. Thank you for your precious help"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Comparative_analysis-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Comparative_analysis_45-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.opengeospatial.org/files/?artifact_id=39475">GIGAS Methodology for comparative analysis of information and data management systems</a>, OGC 10-028r1, A. Biancalana, P.G. Marchetti, P. Smits, 2010

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090814160825/http://www.thegigasforum.eu/project/project.html">"The GIGAS Project"</a>. thegigasforum.eu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegigasforum.eu/project/project.html">the original</a> on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-11">l</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copernicus.eu/en/international-cooperation-area-data-exchange">"Copernicus international data exchange agreements"</a>. 12 June 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/87093b77-5a94-41b1-b943-9a89ac71118b">"UK to rejoin EU Horizon research programme"</a>. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFNicholson2024" class="citation web cs1">Nicholson, Craig (18 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchprofessionalnews.com/rr-news-europe-infrastructure-2024-10-return-of-uk-bolsters-eu-earth-observation-satellite-programme/">"Return of UK bolsters EU Earth-observation satellite programme"</a>. Research Professional News. Retrieved 23 February 2025.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFRheticus" class="citation journal cs1">Rheticus. "10 years of GMES: A chronicle". Window on GMES. BOSS4GMES.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Copernicus_Programme" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Copernicus Programme">Copernicus Programme</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copernicus.eu/">Copernicus Programme website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/growth/sectors/space/copernicus/index_en.htm">European Commission's Copernicus web site</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus">ESA Copernicus web site</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410222729/http://www.copernicus.eu/pages-principales/library/policy-documents/">Copernicus reference documents</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dataspace.copernicus.eu/">Copernicus Data Space Ecosystem Website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090528235125/http://www.gmes-network-of-users.eu/">GNU (GMES Network of Users)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earthobservations.org">GEO (Group on Earth Observation)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/seis/">SEIS (Shared Environmental Information System)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cad.fr/en/newsletter/index.php?numID=206&rub=271&txt=act8837">Article upon the 1st GMES Masters</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100904102157/http://gisc.ew.eea.europa.eu/">GISC Website</a></li>

<li>A video presenting the Copernicus programme is available on the Copernicus.eu website (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181103182626/http://www.copernicus.eu/main/overview">Video presenting the Copernicus Programme</a>)</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copernicus_Programme96" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Copernicus_Programme96" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Sentinel_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel (satellite)">Sentinel satellites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-5">Sentinel-5</a></li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-6" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-6">Sentinel-6</a></li>

<li>Sentinel-7</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">Sentinel-1A</a> (Apr 2014)</li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">Sentinel-2A</a> (Jun 2015)</li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">Sentinel-3A</a> (Feb 2016)</li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">Sentinel-1B</a> (Apr 2016)</li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">Sentinel-2B</a> (Mar 2017)</li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> (Oct 2017)</li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">Sentinel-3B</a> (Apr 2018)</li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-6_Michael_Freilich" title="Sentinel-6 Michael Freilich">Sentinel-6A</a> (Nov 2020)</li>

<li>Sentinel-1C (Dec 2024)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Contributing missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Synthetic_aperture_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic aperture radar">SAR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a></li>

<li><a href="COSMO-SkyMed" title="COSMO-SkyMed">COSMO-SkyMed</a></li>

<li><a href="Radarsat-2" title="Radarsat-2">Radarsat-2</a></li>

<li><a href="TerraSAR-X" title="TerraSAR-X">TerraSAR-X</a></li>

<li><a href="TanDEM-X" title="TanDEM-X">TanDEM-X</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Optical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a></li>

<li><a href="Deimos-2" title="Deimos-2">Deimos-2</a></li>

<li><a href="Disaster_Monitoring_Constellation" title="Disaster Monitoring Constellation">Disaster Monitoring Constellation</a></li>

<li><a href="EnMAP" title="EnMAP">EnMAP</a></li>

<li><a href="HiROS" title="HiROS">HiROS</a></li>

<li><a href="Pleiades_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleiades (satellite)">Pléiades</a></li>

<li><a href="Prisma_(satellite_project)" title="Prisma (satellite project)">Prisma</a></li>

<li><a href="Proba-V" class="mw-redirect" title="Proba-V">Proba-V</a></li>

<li><a href="RapidEye" title="RapidEye">RapidEye</a></li>

<li><a href="SEOSat-Ingenio" title="SEOSat-Ingenio">Ingenio</a></li>

<li><a href="VEN%C2%B5S" class="mw-redirect" title="VENµS">VENµS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Altimetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a></li>

<li><a href="CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_Surface_Topography_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean Surface Topography Mission">Ocean Surface Topography Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="SARAL" title="SARAL">SARAL</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Atmospheric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CALIPSO" title="CALIPSO">CALIPSO</a></li>

<li><a href="Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a></li>

<li>Merlin</li>

<li><a href="Meteosat_Second_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Second Generation">Meteosat Second Generation</a></li>

<li><a href="MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Space_Agency570" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="European_Space_Agency570" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Space Centres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana</a></li>

<li><a href="Esrange" title="Esrange">Esrange</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">Space Operations Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">Space Research and Technology Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">Space Astronomy Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a>

<li><a href="Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora</a></li>

<li><a href="Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a></li>

<li><a href="CryoSat" title="CryoSat">CryoSat</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li>

<li><a href="Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Programme_for_Life_and_Physical_Sciences_in_Space" title="European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space">ELIPS</a></li>

<li><a href="ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li>

<li><a href="Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">Science Programme</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arianespace" title="Arianespace">Arianespace</a></li>

<li><a href="ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li>

<li><a href="EUMETSAT" title="EUMETSAT">EUMETSAT</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Astronaut_Corps" title="European Astronaut Corps">European Astronaut Corps</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Camp" title="European Space Camp">European Space Camp</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Energy_and_Water_Exchanges" title="Global Energy and Water Exchanges">GEWEX</a></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_Science_Archive" title="Planetary Science Archive">Planetary Science Archive</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions320" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_European_Space_Agency_programs_and_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European Space Agency programs and missions">Projects and missions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="EXOSAT" title="EXOSAT">EXOSAT</a> (1983–1986)</li>

<li><a href="Hipparcos" title="Hipparcos">Hipparcos</a> (1989–1993)</li>

<li><a href="Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a> (1990–present)</li>

<li><a href="European_Retrievable_Carrier" title="European Retrievable Carrier">Eureca</a> (1992–1993)</li>

<li><a href="XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a> (1999–present)</li>

<li><a href="INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a> (2002–2025)</li>

<li><a href="CoRoT" title="CoRoT">CoRoT</a> (2006–2013)</li>

<li><a href="Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a> (2009–2013)</li>

<li><a href="Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a> (2009–2013)</li>

<li><a href="CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a> (2019–present)</li>

<li><a href="James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> (2021–present)</li>

<li><a href="Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a> (2023–present)</li>

<li><a href="PLATO_(spacecraft)" title="PLATO (spacecraft)">PLATO</a> (2026)</li>

<li><a href="ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a> (2029)</li>

<li><a href="ARRAKIHS" title="ARRAKIHS">ARRAKIHS</a> (2030s)</li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">Athena</a> (2035)</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Meteosat#First_generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat First Generation</a> (1977–1997)</li>

<li><a href="Meteosat#Second_Generation" title="Meteosat">Meteosat Second Generation</a> (2002–present)</li>

<li><a href="Envisat" title="Envisat">Envisat</a> (2002–2012)</li>

<li><a href="Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> (2003–2007)</li>

<li><a href="MetOp" title="MetOp">MetOp</a> (2006–present)</li>

<li><a href="Soil_Moisture_and_Ocean_Salinity" title="Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity">SMOS</a> (2009–present)</li>

<li><a href="CryoSat-2" title="CryoSat-2">CryoSat-2</a> (2010–present)</li>

<li><a href="Swarm_(spacecraft)" title="Swarm (spacecraft)">Swarm</a> (2013–present)</li>

<li> (2014–present)</li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-1" title="Sentinel-1">Sentinel-1</a> / <a href="Sentinel-1A" title="Sentinel-1A">1A</a> / <a href="Sentinel-1B" title="Sentinel-1B">1B</a> / 1C (2014–present)</li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-2" title="Sentinel-2">Sentinel-2</a> / <a href="Sentinel-2A" title="Sentinel-2A">2A</a> / <a href="Sentinel-2B" title="Sentinel-2B">2B</a> / <a href="Sentinel-2C" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentinel-2C">2C</a> (2015–present)</li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-3" title="Sentinel-3">Sentinel-3</a> / <a href="Sentinel-3A" title="Sentinel-3A">3A</a> / <a href="Sentinel-3B" title="Sentinel-3B">3B</a> (2016–present)</li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-5_Precursor" title="Sentinel-5 Precursor">Sentinel-5 Precursor</a> (2017–present)</li>

<li><a href="ADM-Aeolus" title="ADM-Aeolus">ADM-Aeolus</a> (2018–2023)</li>

<li>ɸ-Sat (<a href="Phi-Sat-1" title="Phi-Sat-1">1</a> (2020) <a href="Phi-Sat-2" title="Phi-Sat-2">2</a> (2024–present))</li>

<li><a href="Meteosat_Third_Generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteosat Third Generation">Meteosat Third Generation</a> (2022–present)</li>

<li><a href="EarthCARE" title="EarthCARE">EarthCARE</a> (2024–present)</li>

<li><a href="Biomass_(satellite)" title="Biomass (satellite)">Biomass</a> (2025–present)</li>

<li><a href="Sentinel-4" title="Sentinel-4">Sentinel-4</a> (2025–present)</li>

<li><a href="MetOp-SG-A" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-A">MetOp-SG-A</a> (2025)</li>

<li><a href="MetOp-SG-B" class="mw-redirect" title="MetOp-SG-B">MetOp-SG-B</a> (2025)</li>

<li><a href="SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a> (2025)</li>

<li><a href="ALTIUS" title="ALTIUS">ALTIUS</a> (2026)</li>

<li><a href="Far-infrared_Outgoing_Radiation_Understanding_and_Monitoring" title="Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring">FORUM</a> (2027)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Giotto_(spacecraft)" title="Giotto (spacecraft)">Giotto</a> (1985–1992)</li>

<li><a href="Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a> (1997–2005)</li>

<li><a href="SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a> (2003–2006)</li>

<li><a href="Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> (2003–present)</li>

<li><a href="Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a>/<a href="Philae_(spacecraft)" title="Philae (spacecraft)">Philae</a> (2004–2016)</li>

<li><a href="Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> (2005–2014)</li>

<li><a href="ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a> (2016–present)

<ul><li><a href="Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a> (2016–present)</li>

<li><a href="Rosalind_Franklin_(rover)" title="Rosalind Franklin (rover)">Rosalind Franklin rover</a> (2028)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a> (2018–present)</li>

<li><a href="Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer</a> (2023–present)</li>

<li><a href="Hera_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hera (spacecraft)">Hera</a> (2024–present)</li>

<li><a href="Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a> (2029)</li>

<li><a href="EnVision" title="EnVision">EnVision</a> (2031)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Solar physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ulysses_(spacecraft)" title="Ulysses (spacecraft)">Ulysses</a> (1990–2009)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_and_Heliospheric_Observatory" title="Solar and Heliospheric Observatory">SOHO</a> (1995–present)</li>

<li><a href="Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a> (2000–2024)</li>

<li><a href="Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a> (2020–present)</li>

<li><a href="ESA_Vigil" title="ESA Vigil">Vigil</a> (2031)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="European_contribution_to_the_International_Space_Station" title="European contribution to the International Space Station">ISS contributions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Columbus_(ISS_module)" title="Columbus (ISS module)">Columbus</a> (2008–present)</li>

<li><a href="Automated_Transfer_Vehicle" title="Automated Transfer Vehicle">Automated Transfer Vehicle</a> (2008–2015)</li>

<li><a href="Cupola_(ISS_module)" title="Cupola (ISS module)">Cupola</a> (2010)</li>

<li><a href="European_Robotic_Arm" title="European Robotic Arm">European Robotic Arm</a> (2021)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Olympus-1" title="Olympus-1">Olympus-1</a> (1989–1993)</li>

<li><a href="Artemis_(satellite)" title="Artemis (satellite)">Artemis</a> (2001–2017)</li>

<li><a href="GIOVE-A" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-A">GIOVE-A</a> (2005–present)</li>

<li><a href="GIOVE-B" class="mw-redirect" title="GIOVE-B">GIOVE-B</a> (2008–present)</li>

<li><a href="HYLAS-1" title="HYLAS-1">HYLAS-1</a> (2010–present)</li>

<li><a href="Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#In-Orbit_Validation_(IOV)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo IOV</a> (2011–present)</li>

<li><a href="Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#Full_Operational_Capability_(FOC)_satellites" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo FOC</a> (2014–present)</li>

<li><a href="European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a> (2016–present)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="PROBA" title="PROBA">PROBA-1</a> (2001–present)</li>

<li><a href="PROBA-2" title="PROBA-2">PROBA-2</a> (2009–present)</li>

<li><a href="PROBA-V" title="PROBA-V">PROBA-V</a> (2013–present)</li>

<li><a href="LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a> (2015–2017)</li>

<li><a href="PROBA-3" title="PROBA-3">PROBA-3</a> (2024–present)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Cancelled and proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Ariane_5_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariane 5 ME">Ariane 5 ME</a></li>

<li><a href="Calathus_Mission" title="Calathus Mission">Calathus Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Ceres_Polar_Lander" title="Ceres Polar Lander">Ceres Polar Lander</a></li>

<li><a href="Columbus_Man-Tended_Free_Flyer" title="Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer">Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Darwin_(spacecraft)" title="Darwin (spacecraft)">Darwin Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="Don_Quijote_(spacecraft)" title="Don Quijote (spacecraft)">Don Quijote</a></li>

<li><a href="E.Deorbit" title="E.Deorbit">e.Deorbit</a></li>

<li><a href="Eddington_(spacecraft)" title="Eddington (spacecraft)">Eddington</a></li>

<li><a href="European_eXPErimental_Re-entry_Testbed" title="European eXPErimental Re-entry Testbed">EXPERT</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermes_(spacecraft)" title="Hermes (spacecraft)">Hermes</a></li>

<li><a href="Hopper_(spacecraft)" title="Hopper (spacecraft)">Hopper</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li>

<li><a href="Marco_Polo_(spacecraft)" title="Marco Polo (spacecraft)">Marco Polo</a></li>

<li><a href="MarcoPolo-R" class="mw-redirect" title="MarcoPolo-R">MarcoPolo-R</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_sample_return_mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return mission">Mars sample return mission</a></li>

<li><a href="ODINUS" title="ODINUS">ODINUS</a></li>

<li><a href="Phootprint" title="Phootprint">Phootprint</a></li>

<li><a href="SOLARIS" class="mw-redirect" title="SOLARIS">SOLARIS</a></li>

<li><a href="SPICA_(spacecraft)" title="SPICA (spacecraft)">SPICA</a></li>

<li><a href="STE-QUEST" title="STE-QUEST">STE-QUEST</a></li>

<li><a href="THESEUS" title="THESEUS">THESEUS</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li>

<li><a href="CryoSat-1" title="CryoSat-1">CryoSat-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Schiaparelli_EDM" title="Schiaparelli EDM">Schiaparelli EDM</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future missions in italics

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:European Space Agency">Commons</a></li>

<li> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:European_Space_Agency" class="extiw external" title="wikinews:Category:European Space Agency">Wikinews</a></li>

<li> WikiProject</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Politics_of_outer_space613" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics_of_outer_space613" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Politics_of_outer_space" title="Politics of outer space">Politics of outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Spaceflight#Spacefaring_civilization:_nations_and_other_entities" title="Spaceflight">Spacefaring nations</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_traffic_management" title="Space traffic management">Space traffic management</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris management</a>

<ul><li><a href="Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Space Debris Working Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Space Debris Committee</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Planetary_protection" title="Planetary protection">Planetary protection principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-detection_policy" title="Post-detection policy">Post-detection policy</a></li>

<li>Asteroid impact

<ul><li><a href="Asteroid_impact_prediction" title="Asteroid impact prediction">Prediction</a></li>

<li><a href="Asteroid_impact_avoidance" title="Asteroid impact avoidance">Avoidance</a></li>

<li><a href="Spaceguard" title="Spaceguard">Spaceguard</a>

<ul><li><a href="The_Spaceguard_Foundation" title="The Spaceguard Foundation">The Spaceguard Foundation</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_space_races" title="List of space races">Space races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Race" title="Space Race">Cold War Space Race</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_the_Space_Race" title="Timeline of the Space Race">Timeline</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_propaganda" title="Space propaganda">Space propaganda</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_competition" title="Space competition">Space competition</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese space program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Two_Bombs%2C_One_Satellite" title="Two Bombs, One Satellite">Two Bombs, One Satellite doctrine</a> (1966–1976)</li>

<li><a href="Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang program</a> (1966–1972)</li>

<li><a href="ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">Chinese ASAT program</a> (1964–)

<li><a href="Chinese_space_program#Project_921_(Shenzhou)" title="Chinese space program">Project 921</a> (1992–)

<ul><li><a href="Shenzhou_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shenzhou program">Shenzhou program</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong program</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Space station</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</a> (2003–)</li>

<li><a href="Chinese_space_program#Mission_to_Mars_and_beyond" title="Chinese space program">Mars and beyond</a>

<ul><li><a href="Planetary_Exploration_of_China" title="Planetary Exploration of China">Planetary Exploration of China</a> (2016–)</li>

<li><a href="MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">ESA Science Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Launcher_Development_Organisation" title="European Launcher Development Organisation">European Launcher Development Organisation</a> (1960–1975)

<ul><li><a href="Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa launcher programme</a> (1962–1973)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Research_Organisation" title="European Space Research Organisation">European Space Research Organisation</a> (1964–1975)</li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (1975–)

<ul><li><a href="European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">European Cooperation for Space Standardization</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">European Space Research and Technology Centre</a>

<ul><li><a href="Concurrent_Design_Facility" title="Concurrent Design Facility">Concurrent Design Facility</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">European Astronaut Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESA Centre for Earth Observation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Living_Planet_Programme" title="Living Planet Programme">Living Planet Programme</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Data_Relay_System" title="European Data Relay System">European Data Relay System</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Telescope_European_Coordinating_Facility" title="Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility">Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility</a> (1983–2010)</li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">European Space Astronomy Centre</a> (2005–)</li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Security_and_Education_Centre" title="European Space Security and Education Centre">European Space Security and Education Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">European Space Operations Centre</a>

<ul><li><a href="ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK network</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li>

<li><a href="Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane launcher programme</a> (1973–)</li>

<li><a href="Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega launcher programme</a> (1998–)</li>

<li>European Space Policy Institute</li>

<li><a href="Space_Situational_Awareness_Programme" title="Space Situational Awareness Programme">Space Situational Awareness Programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Future_Launchers_Preparatory_Programme" title="Future Launchers Preparatory Programme">Future Launchers Preparatory Programme</a>

<ul><li><a href="Intermediate_eXperimental_Vehicle" title="Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle">Intermediate eXperimental Vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Programme_for_Reusable_In-orbit_Demonstrator_in_Europe" title="Programme for Reusable In-orbit Demonstrator in Europe">PRIDE</a>

<ul><li><a href="Space_Rider" title="Space Rider">Space Rider</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="ESA_Television" title="ESA Television">ESA Television</a></li>

<li>Mars and beyond

<ul><li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li>

<li><a href="Aurora_programme" title="Aurora programme">Aurora programme</a></li>

<li><a href="ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horizon 2000 (1985–1995)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a>

<ul><li><a href="Huygens_(spacecraft)" title="Huygens (spacecraft)">Huygens</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cluster_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (spacecraft)">Cluster</a></li>

<li><a href="Cluster_II_(spacecraft)" title="Cluster II (spacecraft)">Cluster II</a></li>

<li><a href="XMM-Newton" title="XMM-Newton">XMM-Newton</a></li>

<li><a href="Rosetta_(spacecraft)" title="Rosetta (spacecraft)">Rosetta</a></li>

<li><a href="INTEGRAL" title="INTEGRAL">INTEGRAL</a></li>

<li><a href="Herschel_Space_Observatory" title="Herschel Space Observatory">Herschel</a></li>

<li><a href="Planck_(spacecraft)" title="Planck (spacecraft)">Planck</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Horizon 2000 Plus (1995–2015)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a>

<ul><li><a href="Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li>

<li><a href="BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Cosmic_Vision" title="Cosmic Vision">Cosmic Vision</a> (2015–2025)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Solar_Orbiter" title="Solar Orbiter">Solar Orbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Euclid_(spacecraft)" title="Euclid (spacecraft)">Euclid</a></li>

<li><a href="ARIEL" title="ARIEL">ARIEL</a></li>

<li><a href="EnVision_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="EnVision (spacecraft)">EnVision</a></li>

<li><a href="CHEOPS" title="CHEOPS">CHEOPS</a></li>

<li><a href="Jupiter_Icy_Moons_Explorer" title="Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer">JUICE</a></li>

<li><a href="Advanced_Telescope_for_High_Energy_Astrophysics" title="Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics">ATHENA</a></li>

<li><a href="Comet_Interceptor" title="Comet Interceptor">Comet Interceptor</a></li>

<li><a href="SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">EU Space Programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union Satellite Centre</a> (1992–2002)</li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU Satellite Centre</a> (2002–)</li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Space_Programme#EU/ESA_Space_Council" title="European Union Space Programme">EU/ESA Space Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">EU Commission DG Defence Industry and Space</a>

<ul><li>European GNSS Supervisory Authority (2004–2010)</li>

<li>European GNSS Agency (2010–2021)</li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EU Agency for the Space Programme</a> (2021–)

<ul><li><a href="Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo programme</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">EUSST programme</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">European Union Aviation Safety Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Defence Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Europe_by_Satellite" title="Europe by Satellite">Europe by Satellite</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European initiatives and bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eurospace" title="Eurospace">Eurospace</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_European_Aerospace_Societies" title="Council of European Aerospace Societies">Council of European Aerospace Societies</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">European Civil Aviation Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">European Committee for Standardization</a>/<a href="European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations</a>

<ul><li><a href="ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">European Telecommunications Standards Institute</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_Organisation_for_Civil_Aviation_Equipment" title="European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment">European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Patent_Organisation" title="European Patent Organisation">European Patent Organisation</a>

<ul><li><a href="European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">European Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">European Southern Observatory</a></li>

<li><a href="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian space policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Indian Human Spaceflight Programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Activities_Bill" title="Space Activities Bill">Space Activities Bill</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme">Indian ASAT programme</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mission_Shakti" title="Mission Shakti">Mission Shakti</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="British_space_programme" title="British space programme">British space programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="British_National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="British National Committee for Space Research">Creation of the British National Committee for Space Research</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Ariel_programme" title="Ariel programme">Start of the Ariel programme</a> (1962)</li>

<li><a href="Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow launcher</a> (1964–1971)</li>

<li><a href="British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">Creation of the British National Space Centre</a> (1985)</li>

<li><a href="Outer_Space_Act_1986" title="Outer Space Act 1986">Outer Space Act 1986</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Juno" title="Project Juno">Project Juno</a> (1991)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Innovation_and_Growth_Team" title="Space Innovation and Growth Team">Space Innovation and Growth Team</a> (2009–2010)</li>

<li><a href="UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">Creation of the UK Space Agency</a> (2010)</li>

<li><a href="Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2015" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015">Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Industry_Act_2018" title="Space Industry Act 2018">Space Industry Act 2018</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System">UK Global Navigation Satellite System</a> (2018–2020)</li>

<li><a href="Integrated_Review" title="Integrated Review">2021 Integrated Review</a>

<ul><li><a href="Defence_in_a_Competitive_Age" title="Defence in a Competitive Age">Defence in a Competitive Age</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">US space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Truman_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Truman space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Germans_relocated_to_the_US_via_the_Operation_Paperclip" title="List of Germans relocated to the US via the Operation Paperclip">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aerobee" title="Aerobee">Aerobee rocket program</a></li>

<li><a href="Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station#History" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Establishment of Cape Canaveral</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Eisenhower_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Eisenhower space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Project_Vanguard" title="Project Vanguard">Project Vanguard</a></li>

<li><a href="Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Introduction_to_Outer_Space" title="Introduction to Outer Space">Introduction to Outer Space</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Space_Act_Agreement" title="Space Act Agreement">Space Act Agreement</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Man_in_Space_Soonest" title="Man in Space Soonest">Cancellation of Man in Space Soonest</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Launch of Project Mercury</a></li>

<li><a href="Missile_gap" title="Missile gap">Missile gap</a></li>

<li><a href="North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">Launch of X-15 program</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Kennedy space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Launch of the Mariner program</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Launch of the Gemini project</a></li>

<li><a href="Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Launch of the Apollo program</a></li>

<li>"<a href="We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Johnson_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Johnson space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">1967 Outer Space Treaty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Nixon_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Nixon space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Moon landing</a></li>

<li><a href="Extra-Terrestrial_Exposure_Law" title="Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law">Extra-Terrestrial Exposure Law</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Launch of the Space Shuttle Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Ford_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Ford space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li>

<li><a href="Viking_program" title="Viking program">Launch of the Viking program</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Carter_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Carter space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Reagan_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Reagan space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Citizens'_Advisory_Council_on_National_Space_Policy" title="Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy">Citizens' Advisory Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Station_Freedom" title="Space Station Freedom">Space Station Freedom proposal</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Space_Launch_Act_of_1984" title="Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984">1984 Space Act</a></li>

<li><a href="ASM-135_ASAT" title="ASM-135 ASAT">1985 anti-satellite missile test</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Challenger_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Challenger disaster">Space Shuttle Challenger disaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers Report</a></li>

<li><a href="Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride Report</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#George_H._W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">George H. W. Bush space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">1990 Augustine Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">National Space Council</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Clinton space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Daniel_Goldin#NASA_administrator" title="Daniel Goldin">Faster, better, cheaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Gore%E2%80%93Chernomyrdin_Commission" title="Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a>

<ul><li><a href="Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Launch of the Mars Exploration Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Space_Act_of_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Space Act of 1998">1998 Space Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Decadal_Planning_Team" title="Decadal Planning Team">Decadal Planning Team</a></li>

<li><a href="Boeing_X-37" title="Boeing X-37">Launch of the X-37 program</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">Aerospace Industry Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_national_missile_defense" title="United States national missile defense">2002 National missile defense directive</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle Columbia disaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="President's_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Launch of the Constellation program</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Burnt_Frost" title="Operation Burnt Frost">Operation Burnt Frost</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Obama administration">Obama space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">2009 Augustine Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_policy_of_the_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Obama administration">Kennedy Space Center speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Constellation_program#Obama_administration" title="Constellation program">Cancellation of the Constellation program</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Launch of the Space Launch System program</a></li>

<li><a href="Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Redesign of the Orion program</a></li>

<li><a href="Flexible_path" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible path">Flexible path</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Exploration_Joint_Initiative" title="Mars Exploration Joint Initiative">Mars Exploration Joint Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="Title_51_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 51 of the United States Code">Title 51</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Shuttle_retirement" title="Space Shuttle retirement">Space Shuttle retirement</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_of_the_Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Development of the Commercial Crew Program">Development of the Commercial Crew Program</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_Space_Launch_Competitiveness_Act_of_2015" title="Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015">2015 Space Act</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_policy_of_the_Donald_Trump_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Space policy of the Donald Trump administration">Trump space policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Space_Council" title="National Space Council">Re-establishment of the National Space Council</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Creation of the Space Force</a></li>

<li><a href="Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Launch of the Artemis program</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Launch of the Lunar Gateway project</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_Order_13959" title="Executive Order 13959">Executive Order 13959</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="China_exclusion_policy_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="China exclusion policy of NASA">China exclusion policy of NASA</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Traffic_in_Arms_Regulations" title="International Traffic in Arms Regulations">International Traffic in Arms Regulations</a></li>

<li><a href="Full-spectrum_dominance" title="Full-spectrum dominance">Full-spectrum dominance doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget of NASA</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_House_Committee_on_Science%2C_Space%2C_and_Technology" title="United States House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology">House Committee on Space</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Environmental_Satellite%2C_Data%2C_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a>

<ul><li><a href="Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">Office of Space Commerce</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="IEEE_Aerospace_and_Electronic_Systems_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society">Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society</a></li>

<li><a href="IEEE_Antennas_%26_Propagation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society">Antennas & Propagation Society</a></li>

<li><a href="IEEE_Broadcast_Technology_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Broadcast Technology Society">Broadcast Technology Society</a></li>

<li><a href="IEEE_Geoscience_and_Remote_Sensing_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society">Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society</a></li>

<li><a href="IEEE_Vehicular_Technology_Society" title="IEEE Vehicular Technology Society">Vehicular Technology Society</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USSR and Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stalin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Operation Osoaviakhim</a> (1946)

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Germans_transported_to_the_USSR_via_the_Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="List of Germans transported to the USSR via the Operation Osoaviakhim">list of scientists</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Khrushchev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sputnik_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik program">Sputnik program</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a> (1957)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok program</a> (1960–1963)</li>

<li><a href="Fractional_Orbital_Bombardment_System" title="Fractional Orbital Bombardment System">Fractional Orbital Bombardment System</a> (1960–1982)</li>

<li><a href="Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> (1961–1976)</li>

<li><a href="Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod program</a> (1964–1966)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Brezhnev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Soyuz_(spacecraft)" title="Soyuz (spacecraft)">Soyuz program</a> (1967–)</li>

<li><a href="Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> (1967–1991)</li>

<li><a href="Salyut_programme" title="Salyut programme">Salyut program</a> (1971–1986)</li>

<li><a href="Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> (1973–1977)</li>

<li><a href="Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran program</a> (1974–1993)</li>

<li><a href="Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (1975)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Gorbachev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Yeltsin20" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Yeltsin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gore%E2%80%93Chernomyrdin_Commission" title="Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission">Gore–Chernomyrdin Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a> (1993–)

<ul><li><a href="Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir program</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">ISS programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Medvedev</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Medvedev_modernisation_programme" title="Medvedev modernisation programme">Medvedev modernisation programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_doctrine_of_Russia#2010_military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine of Russia">2010 Military doctrine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Putin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation" title="United Rocket and Space Corporation">United Rocket and Space Corporation</a> (2013–2015)</li>

<li><a href="Military_doctrine_of_Russia#2014_military_doctrine" title="Military doctrine of Russia">2014 Military doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">2015 Creation of Roscosmos</a></li>

<li>Mars

<ul><li><a href="MARS-500" title="MARS-500">MARS-500 study</a></li>

<li><a href="ExoMars" title="ExoMars">ExoMars</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Space_Program" title="National Space Program">Australian space program</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazilian_space_program" title="Brazilian space program">Brazilian space program</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">Emirati space program</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japanese space program</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazakh_space_program" title="Kazakh space program">Kazakh space program</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_programme_of_Kenya" title="Space programme of Kenya">Kenyan space program</a></li>

<li><a href="Lebanese_space_program" title="Lebanese space program">Lebanese space program</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Korean_space_program" title="North Korean space program">North Korean space program</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_%26_Upper_Atmosphere_Research_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission">Pakistani space program</a>

<ul><li><a href="Space_programme_2040" class="mw-redirect" title="Space programme 2040">Space programme 2040</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_space_program" title="Philippine space program">Philippine space program</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Korean_space_program" title="South Korean space program">South Korean space program</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugandan_space_initiatives" title="Ugandan space initiatives">Ugandan space initiatives</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station programme</a>

<ul><li><a href="Politics_of_the_International_Space_Station" title="Politics of the International Space Station">Politics of the International Space Station</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">International Civil Aviation Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">Office for Outer Space Affairs</a>

<ul><li><a href="UN-SPIDER" title="UN-SPIDER">UN-SPIDER</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Generation_Advisory_Council" title="Space Generation Advisory Council">Space Generation Advisory Council</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_General_Assembly_Fourth_Committee" title="United Nations General Assembly Fourth Committee">General Assembly Fourth Committee</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other intergovernmental or inter-agency bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="African_Space_Agency" title="African Space Agency">African Space Agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">Committee on Earth Observation Satellites</a></li>

<li><a href="Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">Committee on Space Research</a>

<ul><li><a href="International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">International Planetary Data Alliance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">Group on Earth Observations</a></li>

<li><a href="Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">Global Standards Collaboration</a></li>

<li><a href="Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Charter_'Space_and_Major_Disasters'" class="mw-redirect" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">International Mobile Satellite Organization</a></li>

<li>International Space Exploration Coordination Group</li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">International Telecommunications Satellite Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">Regional African Satellite Communication Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arab Satellite Communications Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Partial_Test_Ban_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial Test Ban Treaty">Partial Test Ban Treaty</a> (1963)</li>

<li><a href="Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a> (1967)</li>

<li><a href="Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a> (1968)</li>

<li><a href="Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a> (1972)</li>

<li><a href="Agreement_Concerning_Cooperation_in_the_Exploration_and_Use_of_Outer_Space_for_Peaceful_Purposes" title="Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes">US-USSR Cooperation Agreement</a> (1972)</li>

<li><a href="Convention_Relating_to_the_Distribution_of_Programme-Carrying_Signals_Transmitted_by_Satellite" title="Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite">Satellite Convention</a> (1974)</li>

<li><a href="Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a> (1975)</li>

<li><a href="Bogota_Declaration" title="Bogota Declaration">Bogota Declaration</a> (1976)</li>

<li><a href="Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a> (1979)</li>

<li><a href="Prevention_of_an_Arms_Race_in_Outer_Space" title="Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space">Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space</a> (1981)</li>

<li><a href="International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">International Cospas-Sarsat Programme Agreement</a> (1988)</li>

<li><a href="International_Space_Station_Intergovernmental_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement">International Space Station Intergovernmental Agreement</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="International_Docking_System_Standard" title="International Docking System Standard">International Docking System Standard</a></li>

<li><a href="Cape_Town_Treaty#Space_Assets" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty, Space Assets protocol</a> (2012)</li>

<li><a href="Artemis_Accords" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a> (2020)</li>

<li><a href="Space_jurisdiction" title="Space jurisdiction">Space jurisdiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_heritage_of_mankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Common heritage of mankind">Common heritage of mankind</a></li>

<li><a href="Extraterrestrial_real_estate" title="Extraterrestrial real estate">Extraterrestrial real estate</a></li>

<li><a href="Astronomical_naming_conventions" title="Astronomical naming conventions">Astronomical naming conventions</a></li>

<li><a href="ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">ITU Radio Regulations</a></li>

<li><a href="Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS standards</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG standards</a></li>

<li><a href="Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS standards</a></li>

<li><a href="Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR standards</a>

<ul><li><a href="International_Designator" title="International Designator">International Designator</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA standards</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC standards</a></li>

<li><a href="Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO standards</a></li>

<li>ISECG standards</li>

<li>Various conventions, treaties, agreements, memorandums, charters or declarations establishing and governing intergovernmental organisations or inter-agency bodies dealing with space affairs</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_industry" title="Space industry">Space industry</a>

<ul><li><a href="India" title="India"></a> <a href="Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a> <a href="Aerospace_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Commercial_Spaceflight_Federation" title="Commercial Spaceflight Federation">United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Launch market competition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_advertising" title="Space advertising">Space advertising</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Space-based_economy" title="Space-based economy">Space-based economy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Space_trade" title="Space trade">Space trade</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_manufacturing" title="Space manufacturing">Space manufacturing</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a>

<ul><li><a href="Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">Asteroid mining</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="List_of_space_forces%2C_units%2C_and_formations" title="List of space forces, units, and formations">Space forces, units and formations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_force" title="Space force">Space forces</a>

<ul><li><a href="Australia" title="Australia"></a> <a href="Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil"></a> <a href="Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Canada" title="Canada"></a> <a href="Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="China" title="China"></a> <a href="People's_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Colombia" title="Colombia"></a> <a href="Colombian_Aerospace_Force" title="Colombian Aerospace Force">Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="France" title="France"></a> <a href="French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Germany" title="Germany"></a> <a href="German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Iran" title="Iran"></a> Iran

<li><a href="Israel" title="Israel"></a> <a href="Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israel</a></li>

<li><a href="Japan" title="Japan"></a> <a href="Japan_Air_Self_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Air Self Defense Force">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"></a> <a href="Royal_Netherlands_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air and Space Force">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"></a> <a href="Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Korea" title="North Korea"></a> <a href="Korean_People's_Army_Air_Force" title="Korean People's Army Air Force">North Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan"></a> <a href="Pakistan_Air_Force" title="Pakistan Air Force">Pakistan</a></li>

<li><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea"></a> <a href="Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force" title="Republic of Korea Air Force">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a> <a href="Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">Spain</a></li>

<li><a href="Thailand" title="Thailand"></a> <a href="Royal_Thai_Air_Force" title="Royal Thai Air Force">Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkey" title="Turkey"></a> <a href="Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a> <a href="Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="History of the United States Space Force">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Structure_of_the_United_States_Space_Force" title="Structure of the United States Space Force">Structure</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam"></a> <a href="Vietnam_People's_Air_Force" title="Vietnam People's Air Force">Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranks_and_insignia_of_space_forces" title="Ranks and insignia of space forces">Ranks and insignia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Space_command" title="Space command">Space commands</a>

<ul><li><a href="France" title="France"></a> <a href="French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">France</a></li>

<li><a href="India" title="India"></a> <a href="Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a> <a href="Space_Operations_Command_(Italy)" title="Space Operations Command (Italy)">Italy</a></li>

<li> <a href="North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">NORAD</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a> <a href="United_Kingdom_Space_Command" title="United Kingdom Space Command">United Kingdom</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Space_domain_awareness" title="Space domain awareness">Space domain awareness</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_weapon" title="Space weapon">Space weapon</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">Anti-satellite weapon</a>

<ul><li><a href="ASAT_program_of_China" title="ASAT program of China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Programme#Prithvi_Defence_Vehicle_Mark_2" title="Indian Ballistic Missile Defence Programme">India</a></li>

<li><a href="A-235_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-235 anti-ballistic missile system">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="RIM-161_Standard_Missile_3" title="RIM-161 Standard Missile 3">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kinetic_bombardment" title="Kinetic bombardment">Kinetic bombardment</a></li>

<li><a href="Kill_vehicle" title="Kill vehicle">Kill vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Missile_defense" title="Missile defense">Missile defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">Military satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance satellite</a></li>

<li><a href="Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li>

<li><a href="Satellite#Jamming" title="Satellite">Satellite jamming</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Space_advocacy" title="Space advocacy">Space advocacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Air_%26_Space_Forces_Association" title="Air & Space Forces Association">Air & Space Forces Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Alliance_for_Space_Development" title="Alliance for Space Development">Alliance for Space Development</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Frontier_Foundation" title="Space Frontier Foundation">Space Frontier Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mars_Society" title="Mars Society">Mars Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Moon_Society" title="Moon Society">Moon Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Students_for_the_Exploration_and_Development_of_Space" title="Students for the Exploration and Development of Space">Students for the Exploration and Development of Space</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_C._Clarke_Institute_for_Modern_Technologies" title="Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies">Arthur C. Clarke Institute for Modern Technologies</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Interplanetary_Society" title="British Interplanetary Society">British Interplanetary Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Coalition_for_Deep_Space_Exploration" title="Coalition for Deep Space Exploration">Coalition for Deep Space Exploration</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Academy_of_Astronautics" title="International Academy of Astronautics">International Academy of Astronautics</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">International Astronautical Federation</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_Explorers_Society" title="Lunar Explorers Society">Lunar Explorers Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Exploration_Alliance" title="Space Exploration Alliance">Space Exploration Alliance</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Fellowship" title="Space Fellowship">Space Fellowship</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Force_Association" title="Space Force Association">Space Force Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_Foundation" title="Space Foundation">Space Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Planetary_Society" title="The Planetary Society">The Planetary Society</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public-sector_space_agencies312" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Public-sector_space_agencies312" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Public-sector space agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-African and pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">RASCOM</a></li>

<li><a href="Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arabsat</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences" title="National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences">NARSS</a></li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="Ethiopian_Space_Science_and_Technology_Institute" title="Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute">ESSTI</a></li>

<li> <a href="Ghana_Space_Science_and_Technology_Centre" title="Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre">GSSTC</a></li>

<li> <a href="National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency" title="National Space Research and Development Agency">NASRDA</a></li>

<li> <a href="South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">SANSA</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li> <a href="National_Environmental_Satellite%2C_Data%2C_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a>

<li> <a href="United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">USSPACECOM</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America and the Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li> <a href="National_Space_Activities_Commission" title="National Space Activities Commission">CONAE</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">APSCO</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li> <a href="KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a>1</li>

<li> <a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>1

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="State_Administration_of_Science%2C_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defense" title="State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense">SASTIND</a></li>

<li>CGWIC</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="People's_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">PLAASF</a></li>

<li><a href="China_Aerospace_Science_and_Industry_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation">CASIC</a></li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="KAIST_Satellite_Technology_Research_Center" title="KAIST Satellite Technology Research Center">SaTReC</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li> <a href="Space_Research_and_Remote_Sensing_Organization" title="Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization">SPARRSO</a></li>

<li> <a href="Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a>2

<ul><li><a href="Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corp</a></li>

<li> <a href="SUPARCO" title="SUPARCO">SUPARCO</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Indonesian_Space_Agency" title="Indonesian Space Agency">INASA</a></li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">PhilSA</a></li>

<li> <a href="Geo-Informatics_and_Space_Technology_Development_Agency" title="Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency">GISTDA</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li> <a href="ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a>1</li>

<li> <a href="Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">NEHSA</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="King_Abdulaziz_City_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology">KACST-SRI</a></li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="Syrian_Space_Agency" title="Syrian Space Agency">SSA</a>2

<ul><li><a href="T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">UAESA</a> (<a href="Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Space_Centre" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre">MBRSC</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a>/<a href="European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">CENELEC</a></li>

<li><a href="Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">ESTEC</a></li>

<li><a href="ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESRIN</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">ECSAT</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">EUTELSAT IGO</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and <a href="European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li> <a href="Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">DG DEFIS</a>

<ul><li> <a href="European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EUSPA</a></li></ul></li>

<li> <a href="European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU SatCen</a></li>

<li> <a href="Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">BEREC</a></li>

<li> <a href="Federal_Public_Planning_Service_Science_Policy" title="Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy">BELSPO</a>

<li> <a href="DTU_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="DTU Space">DTU Space</a></li>

<li> <a href="Polish_Space_Agency" title="Polish Space Agency">POLSA</a>2

<li><a href="National_Broadcasting_Council" title="National Broadcasting Council">KRRiT</a></li>

<li> <a href="Portugal_Space" title="Portugal Space">PTSPACE</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li> <a href="ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a>1</li>

<li> <a href="KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a>1</li>

<li> <a href="Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>1

<ul><li><a href="T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS</a></li>

<li><a href="Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR</a>

<li><a href="International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">Cospas-Sarsat</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Charter_'Space_and_Major_Disasters'" class="mw-redirect" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">ICSMD</a></li>

<li>ISECG</li>

<li><a href="Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li>

<li><a href="Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG</a></li>

<li> <a href="United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">UNCOPUOS</a></li>

<li> <a href="United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">UNOOSA</a></li>

<li> <a href="UNOSAT" title="UNOSAT">UNOSAT</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li> <a href="National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="National Institute of Aeronautics and Space">LAPAN</a></li>

<li> <a href="National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National Space Development Agency of Japan">NASDA</a></li>

<li> <a href="Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li>See also: <a href="Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Timeline of first orbital launches by country</a></li>

<li>1 Preceded by the <a href="Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li>

<li>2 Preceded by <a href="Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> participation</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1531636#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1860" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1531636#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1860" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000092177719">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/135101824">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2009013540">United States</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no94033713">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20081107016&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/12087">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000147173&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nrws5v595gdfb">Sweden</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/75fefe6d-949a-41a8-9af2-f56331adc46e">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-03" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Copernicus_Programme&oldid=1298555761">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>